Kidney Stones

Long-term high calcium from vitamin D may increase kidney stone risk.

Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They can cause significant pain, particularly when passing through the urinary tract. Smaller stones may pass without intervention, but larger stones can block the flow of urine and require medical treatment. The exact cause of kidney stones is often multifactorial, involving a combination of dietary, environmental, and genetic factors. Dehydration is a significant contributor, as is a diet high in protein, sodium, and sugar. Certain medical conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, and medications can also increase the risk of kidney stone formation. There are different types of kidney stones, including calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones, each with different underlying causes and treatment approaches.