Propyl gallate is a synthetically produced phenolic antioxidant used as a preservative in food, supplements, and cosmetics to prevent oxidation. While effective as an antioxidant, its potential endocr...
Propyl gallate is a synthetically produced phenolic antioxidant used as a preservative in food, supplements, and cosmetics to prevent oxidation. While effective as an antioxidant, its potential endocrine-disrupting effects and other potential side effects raise concerns. Its use is regulated, and further research is necessary to fully understand its long-term impact on human health. Consumption should be mindful of regulatory guidelines and individual sensitivity.
Key Information
Inside Body Harmful Score
Outside Body Harmful Score
Common Dosage
Dosage varies significantly depending on the application (food, supplements, cosmetics) and is regulated. In food, the maximum allowed level varies by country. Specific supplement dosages are not standardized and should adhere to product labeling and regulatory guidelines.
Source Type
synthetic
Production Process
Propyl gallate is synthesized by the esterification of gallic acid with propanol, typically using an acid catalyst.
Use Type
BothPotential Benefits
Antioxidants neutralize harmful free radicals, preventing cellular damage and reducing oxidative stress, which can contribute to overall health and disease prevention. They work by donating electrons to stabilize free radicals and supporting antioxidant enzyme systems.
Possible Side Effects
Endocrine disruption involves interference with the endocrine system by chemicals, leading to hormonal imbalances and a variety of adverse health effects, including developmental abnormalities, reproductive problems, and increased risk of certain cancers.
Allergic reactions are hypersensitivity responses to allergens, ranging from mild skin irritation to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Symptoms vary widely and are caused by an immune response.
Gastrointestinal issues include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and vomiting, potentially stemming from altered gut motility, microbiota changes, or irritation. While often mild, persistent symptoms necessitate evaluation, and contributing factors like pre-existing conditions should be considered.
Animal studies suggest potential endocrine disrupting effects, particularly at high doses. The relevance to human health at typical exposure levels from use as a preservative is not fully established.
Scientific Evidence
Limited human studies exist. Animal studies and in vitro studies suggest potential endocrine disruption. Regulatory agencies like the FDA and EFSA have evaluated its safety and set acceptable intake levels based on available data. Specific studies can be found on PubMed and other scientific databases by searching "Propyl Gallate" and "Endocrine Disruption", "Antioxidant Activity", or "Toxicity".
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