Azelaic acid is a dicarboxylic acid used topically to treat acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation with mostly mild side effects.
Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid used primarily as a topical treatment for acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation. Its mechanisms of action include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and keratolytic properties, as well as inhibition of tyrosinase. It is generally well-tolerated, with mild and transient side effects such as burning, itching, and redness. Its efficacy is supported by substantial clinical evidence, making it a valuable option for various dermatological conditions.
Key Information
Outside Body Harmful Score
Common Dosage
Typically used in topical formulations ranging from 15% to 20% applied once or twice daily. Dosage varies depending on the condition being treated and the formulation.
Source Type
natural
Production Process
Azelaic acid can be derived from grains like wheat, rye, and barley through the metabolism of *Malassezia furfur*, a yeast that lives on normal skin. It can also be synthesized chemically.
Use Type
Outside BodyPotential Benefits
Redness reduction minimizes skin redness caused by inflammation, irritation, or vascular issues. Strategies include topical treatments, oral supplements, lifestyle modifications, and professional procedures to promote even skin tone and reduce discomfort.
Acne treatment reduces or eliminates acne lesions by addressing underlying causes like excess sebum, bacterial infection, inflammation, and clogged follicles. Treatment options include topical applications, oral medications, and lifestyle modifications.
Hyperpigmentation reduction lightens or evens out skin tone in areas with excessive melanin production by targeting melanin synthesis, transfer, or removal. Treatments involve topical agents, procedures, and sun protection.
Rosacea management reduces inflammation, redness, and other symptoms of rosacea through topical/oral treatments, lifestyle changes, and specialized skincare. This helps prevent flare-ups and improves skin comfort.
Azelaic acid reduces inflammation and redness in rosacea by decreasing reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines. It improves the appearance of papules and pustules.
Azelaic acid reduces hyperpigmentation by inhibiting tyrosinase, decreasing melanin production. This leads to a reduction in dark spots and a more even skin tone, particularly in cases of PIH and melasma.
Possible Side Effects
Dryness refers to a reduction in moisture content in tissues or organs, leading to symptoms like dry skin, mouth, or eyes. It can be caused by various factors, including environmental conditions, medical conditions, or medications.
Itching and stinging are unpleasant skin sensations ranging from mild to intense irritation, potentially caused by allergic reactions, skin irritants, underlying conditions, or medications. Severity and duration vary, and rarely, it indicates a more serious condition.
A burning or stinging sensation occurs temporarily at the application site, typically resolving quickly. This side effect is generally mild and self-limiting.
Skin dryness and peeling are common side effects, particularly at the start of topical treatments, causing flakiness and potential irritation. The condition often resolves as the skin adapts.
Itching is a localized sensation at the application site that causes the urge to scratch. It is typically a mild and transient reaction, but can sometimes be more intense or persistent.
Redness refers to the visible reddening of the skin due to increased blood flow. It may be caused by irritation, allergy, or inflammation.
Hypopigmentation is the lightening of skin in areas where a drug, like azelaic acid, is applied due to reduced melanin production. It appears as paler patches and is more common in those with darker skin.
Scientific Evidence
Please note: actual citation details require literature database queries. - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology studies on acne and rosacea - International Journal of Dermatology studies on hyperpigmentation - Clinical studies found on PubMed Central (PMC) and Cochrane Library evaluating the efficacy and safety of azelaic acid for various dermatological conditions.
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